2-[1H]-quinolone and 2-[1H]-quinoxalone inhibitors of factor Xa

ABSTRACT

Novel compounds of general formula I:  
                 
 
     including their pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivative having activity against mammalian factor Xa is described. Compositions containing such compounds are also described. The compounds and compositions are useful in vitro or in vivo for preventing or treating conditions in mammals characterized by undesired thrombosis.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/179,389 filed on Feb. 1,2000 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/191,722 filed on Mar. 24,2000, each of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to novel bicyclic lactam ring systemcontaining compounds including their pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives, andpharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof which are potent andhighly selective inhibitors of isolated factor Xa or when assembled inthe prothrombinase complex. These compounds show selectivity for factorXa versus other proteases of the coagulation (e.g. thrombin, fVIIa,fIXa) or the fibrinolytic cascades (e.g. plasminogen activators,plasmin). In another aspect, the present invention relates to novelbicyclic lactam ring system containing compounds including theirpharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates, solvates andprodrug derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositionsthereof which are useful as potent and specific inhibitors of bloodcoagulation in mammals. In yet another aspect, the invention relates tomethods for using these inhibitors as diagnostic or therapeutic agentsfor disease states in mammals characterized by undesired thrombosis orcoagulation disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Hemostasis, the control of bleeding, occurs by surgical means, orby the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation. Theinvention is particularly concerned with blood coagulation and ways inwhich it assists in maintaining the integrity of mammalian circulationafter injury, inflammation, disease, congenital defect, dysfunction orother disruption. Under normal hemostatic circumstances, the bodymaintains an acute balance of clot formation and clot removal(fibrinolysis). The blood coagulation cascade involves the conversion ofa variety of inactive enzymes (zymogens) into active enzymes whichultimately convert the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into aninsoluble matrix of highly cross-linked fibrin. Davie, E. J. et al.,“The Coagulation Cascade: Initiation, Maintenance and Regulation”,Biochemistry, 30, 10363-10370 (1991). These plasma glycoprotein zymogensinclude Factor XII, Factor XI, Factor IX, Factor X, Factor VII, andprothrombin. Blood coagulation follows either the intrinsic pathway,where all of the protein components are present in blood, or theextrinsic pathway, where the cell membrane protein tissue factor plays acritical role. Clot formation occurs when fibrinogen is cleaved bythrombin to form fibrin. Blood clots are composed of activated plateletsand fibrin.

[0004] Blood platelets which adhere to damaged blood vessels areactivated and incorporated into the clot and thus play a major role inthe initial formation and stabilization of hemostatic “plugs”. Incertain diseases of the cardiovascular system, deviations from normalhemostasis push the balance of clot formation and clot dissolutiontowards life-threatening thrombus formation when thrombi occlude bloodflow in coronary vessels (myocardial infarctions) or limb and pulmonaryveins (venous thrombosis). Although platelets and blood coagulation areboth involved in thrombus formation, certain components of thecoagulation cascade are primarily responsible for the amplification oracceleration of the processes involved in platelet aggregation andfibrin deposition.

[0005] Thrombin is a key enzyme in the coagulation cascade as well as inhemostasis. Thrombin plays a central role in thrombosis through itsability to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and throughits potent platelet activation activity. Under normal circumstances,thrombin can also play an anticoagulant role in hemostasis through itsability to convert protein C into activated protein C (aPC) in athrombomodulin-dependent manner. However, in atherosclerotic arteriesthese thrombin activities can initiate the formation of a thrombus,which is a major factor in pathogenesis of vasoocclusive conditions suchas myocardial infarction, unstable angina, nonhemorrhagic stroke andreocclusion of coronary arteries after angioplasty or thrombolytictherapy. Thrombin is also a potent inducer of smooth muscle cellproliferation and may therefore be involved in a variety ofproliferative responses such as restenosis after angioplasty and graftinduced atherosclerosis. In addition, thrombin is chemotactic forleukocytes and may therefore play a role in inflammation. (Hoover, R.J., et al. Cell, 14, 423 (1978); Etingin, O. R., et al., Cell, 61 657(1990). These observations indicate that inhibition of thrombinformation or inhibition of thrombin itself may be effective inpreventing or treating thrombosis, limiting restenosis and controllinginflammation.

[0006] Direct or indirect inhibition of thrombin activity has been thefocus of a variety of recent anticoagulant strategies as reviewed byClaeson, G., “Synthetic Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Substrates andInhibitors of Thrombin and Other Proteases in the Blood CoagulationSystem”, Blood Coag. Fibrinol. 5, 411-436 (1994). Several classes ofanticoagulants currently used in the clinic directly or indirectlyaffect thrombin (i.e. heparins, low-molecular weight heparins,heparin-like compounds and coumarins).

[0007] The formation of thrombin is the result of the proteolyticcleavage of its precursor prothrombin at the Arg-Thr linkage atpositions 271-272 and the Arg-Ile linkage at positions 320-321. Thisactivation is catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex, which isassembled on the membrane surfaces of platelets, monocytes, andendothelial cells. The complex consists of Factor Xa (a serineprotease), Factor Va (a cofactor), calcium ions and the acidicphospholipid surface. Factor Xa is the activated form of its precursor,Factor X, which is secreted by the liver as a 58 kd precursor and isconverted to the active form, Factor Xa, in both the extrinsic andintrinsic blood coagulation pathways. Factor X is a member of thecalcium ion binding, gamma carboxyglutamyl (Gla)-containing, vitamin Kdependent, blood coagulation glycoprotein family, which also includesFactors VII and IX, prothrombin, protein C and protein S (Furie, B., etal., Cell, 53, 505 (1988)). The activity of Factor Xa in effecting theconversion of prothrombin to thrombin is dependent on its inclusion inthe prothrombinase complex.

[0008] The prothrombinase complex converts the zymogen prothromnbin intothe active procoagulant thrombin. It is therefore understood that FactorXa catalyzes the next-to-last step in the blood coagulation cascade,namely the formation of the serine protease thrombin. In turn, thrombinthen acts to cleave soluble fibrinogen in the plasma to form insolublefibrin.

[0009] The location of the prothrombinase complex at the convergence ofthe intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, and the resultingsignificant amplification of thrombin generation (severalhundred-thousand fold faster in effecting the conversion of prothrombinto thrombin than Factor Xa in soluble form) mediated by the complex at alimited number of targeted catalytic units present at vascular lesionsites, suggests that inhibition of thrombin generation is a desirablemethod to block uncontrolled procoagulant activity. It has beensuggested that compounds which selectively inhibit factor Xa may beuseful as in vitro diagnostic agents, or for therapeutic, administrationin certain thrombotic disorders, see e.g., WO 94/13693. Unlike thrombin,which acts on a variety of protein substrates as well as at a specificreceptor, factor Xa appears to have a single physiologic substrate,namely prothrombin.

[0010] Plasma contains an endogenous inhibitor of both the factorVIIa-tissue factor (TF) complex and factor Xa called tissue factorpathway inhibitor (TFPI). TFPI is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor withthree tandem Kunitz domains. TFPI inhibits the TF/fVIIa complex in atwo-step mechanism which includes the initial interaction of the secondKunitz domain of TFPI with the active site of factor Xa, therebyinhibiting the proteolytic activity of factor Xa. The second stepinvolves the inhibition of the TF/fVIIa complex by formation of aquaternary complex TF/fVIIa/TFPI/fXa as described by Girard, T. J. etal., “Functional Significance of the Kunitz-type Inhibitory Domains ofLipoprotein-associated Coagulation Inhibitor”, Nature, 338, 518-520(1989).

[0011] Polypeptides derived from hematophagous organisms have beenreported which are highly potent and specific inhibitors of factor Xa.U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,587 describes anticoagulant activity in the salivaof the Mexican leech, Haernenteria officinalis. A principal component ofthis saliva was shown to be the polypeptide factor Xa inhibitor,antistasin (ATS), by Nutt, E. et al., “The Amino Acid Sequence ofAntistasin, a Potent Inhibitor of Factor Xa Reveals a Repeated InternalStructure”, J. Biol. Chem., 263, 10162-10167 (1988).

[0012] Another potent and highly specific inhibitor of Factor Xa, calledtick anticoagulant peptide (TAP), has been isolated from the whole bodyextract of the soft tick Ornithidoros moubata, as reported by Waxman,L., et al., “Tick Anticoagulant Peptide (TAP) is a Novel Inhibitor ofBlood Coagulation Factor Xa” Science, 248, 593-596 (1990).

[0013] Other polypeptide type inhibitors of factor Xa have been reportedincluding the following: Condra, C. et al., “Isolation and StructuralCharacterization of a Potent Inhibitor of Coagulation Factor Xa from theLeech Haementeria ghilianii”, Thromb. Haemost., 61, 437-441 (1989);Blankenship, D. T. et al., “Amino Acid Sequence of Ghilanten:Anti-coagulant-antimetastatic Principle of the South American Leech,Haementeria ghilianii”, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 1384-1389(1990); Brankamp, R. G. et al., “Ghilantens: Anticoagulants,Antimetastatic Proteins from the South American Leech Haementeriaghilianii”, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 115, 89-97 (1990); Jacobs, J. W. et al.,“Isolation and Characterization of a Coagulation Factor Xa Inhibitorfrom Black Fly Salivary Glands”, Thromb. Haemost., 64, 235-238 (1990);Rigbi, M. et al., “Bovine Factor Xa Inhibiting Factor and PharmaceuticalCompositions Containing the Same”, European Patent Application, 352,903;Cox, A. C., “Coagulation Factor X Inhibitor From the Hundred-pace SnakeDeinagkistrodon acutus, venom”, Toxicon, 31, 1445-1457 (1993); Cappello,M. et al., “Ancylostoma Factor Xa Inhibitor: Partial Purification andits Identification as a Major Hookworm-derived Anticoagulant In Vitro”,J. Infect. Dis., 167, 1474-1477 (1993); Seymour, J. L. et. al., “Ecotinis a Potent Anticoagulant and Reversible Tight binding Inhibitor ofFactor Xa”, Biochemistry 33, 3949-3958 (1994).

[0014] Factor Xa inhibitory compounds which are not largepolypeptide-type inhibitors have also been reported including: Tidwell,R. R. et al., “Strategies for Anticoagulation With Synthetic ProteaseInhibitors. Xa Inhibitors Versus Thrombin Inhibitors”, Thromb. Res., 19,339-349 (1980); Turner, A.D. et al., “p-Amidino Esters as IrreversibleInhibitors of Factor IXa and Xa and Thrombin”, Biochemistry, 25,4929-4935 (1986); Hitomi, Y. et al., “Inhibitory Effect of New SyntheticProtease Inhibitor (FUT-175) on the Coagulation System”, Haemostasis,15, 164-168 (1985); Sturzebecher, J. et al., “Synthetic Inhibitors ofBovine Factor Xa and Thrombin. Comparison of Their AnticoagulantEfficiency”, Thromb. Res., 54, 245-252 (1989); Kam, C. M. et al.,“Mechanism Based Isocoumarin Inhibitors for Trypsin and BloodCoagulation Serine Proteases: New Anticoagulants”, Biochemistry, 27,2547-2557 (1988); Hauptmann, J. et al., “Comparison of the Anticoagulantand Antithrombotic Effects of Synthetic Thrombin and Factor XaInhibitors”, Thromb. Haemost., 63, 220-223 (1990); Miyadera, A. et al.,Japanese Patent Application JP 6327488; Nagahara, T. et al., “Dibasic(Amidinoaryl)propanoic Acid Derivatives as Novel Blood CoagulationFactor Xa Inhibitors”, J. Med. Chem., 37, 1200-1207 (1994); Vlasuk, G.P. et al., “Inhibitors of Thrombosis”, WO 93/15756; and Brunck, T. K. etal., “Novel Inhibitors of Factor Xa”, WO 94/13693.

[0015] A number of inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes (such as trypsin,enterokinase, thrombin, kallikrein, plasmin, urokinase, plasminogenactivators and the like) have been the subject of disclosures. Forexample, Austen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,018 describes oligopeptidealdehydes which are specific inhibitors of enterokinase; Abe et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,176 describes tripeptide aldehydes which haveinhibitory activity against multiple serine proteases such as plasmin,thrombin, trypsin, kallikrein, factor Xa, urokinase, etc.; Brunck etal., European Publication WO 93/14779 describes substituted tripeptidealdehydes that are specific inhibitors of trypsin; U.S. Pat. Nos.4,316,889, 4,399,065, 4,478,745 all disclose arginine aldehydeinhibitors of thrombin; Balasubramanian et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,713describes di and tripeptide aldehydes which are useful for anti-trypsinand anti-thrombin activity; Webb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,072describes tripeptide alpha-keto-amide derivatives as inhibitors ofthrombosis and thrombin; Gesellchen et al., European Patent Publications0479489 A2 and 0643073 A, describe tripeptide thrombin inhibitors; Veberet al., European Publication WO 94/25051 describes 4-cyclohexfylaminederivatives which selectively inhibit thrombin over other trypsin-likeenzymes; Tapparelli et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268, 4734-4741 (1993)describe selective peptide boronic acid derivatives as inhibitors ofthrombin.

[0016] Alternatively, agents which inhibit the vitamin K-dependentcarboxylase enzyme, such as coumarin, have been used to treatcoagulation disorders.

[0017] There exists a need for effective therapeutic agents for theregulation of hemostasis, and for the prevention and treatment ofthrombus formation and other pathological processes in the vasculatureinduced by thrombin such as restenosis and inflammation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The present invention provides novel bicyclic lactam ring systemcontaining compounds including their pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives, which haveparticular biological properties and are useful as potent and specificinhibitors of blood coagulation in mammals. The invention also providescompositions containing such compounds. The compounds of the inventionmay be used as diagnostic reagents or as therapeutic agents for diseasestates in mammals which have coagulation disorders. Thus, the inventionfurther provides methods for preventing or treating a condition in amammal characterized by undesired thrombosis by administration of atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Optionally, the methods of theinvention comprise administering a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such as anantithrombotic and/or a thrombolytic agent and/or an anticoagulant.According to the invention, such conditions include, for example, anythrombotically mediated acute coronary or cerebrovascular syndrome, anythrombotic syndrome occurring in the venous system, any coagulopathy,and any thrombotic complications associated with extracorporealcirculation or instrumentation. The invention still further provides amethod for inhibiting the coagulation of biological samples (e.g. storedblood products and samples).

[0019] The invention provides a compound of general formula I:

[0020] wherein:

[0021] A is a member selected from the group consisting of: R², —NR³R⁴ ₃—C(═O)NR³R⁴,

[0022] where R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where R⁶ takenwith either of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to6 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S;

[0023] m is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0024] Z is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S;

[0025] n is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0026] D is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, —CH₂—, —O—, —N(R²), —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R²)—, —N(R²)—SO₂—,—OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)—N(²)— and —N(R²)—C(═O)—, where R² is asdescribed above;

[0027] R¹ is a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl—OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —C(═O)—NR²R³, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², anunsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstituted amino group, whereinthe substituted amino groups are independently substituted by at leastone member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R²,C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, where R² and R³ is asdescribed above;

[0028] q is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0029] X is N or —CR¹²;

[0030] R¹¹ and R¹² are independently a member selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl—C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R²,—O—C(═O)R², —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)—NR¹⁰R¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, where R² is asdescribed above and R¹⁰ is a member selected from the group consistingof H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰groups are present they may be taken together to form a saturated orunsaturated ring with the atom to which they are both attached,preferably a partially or fully saturated ring;

[0031] p is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0032] E is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, —O—, —N(R¹¹), where R¹¹ is as set forth above, phenylene, abivalent 5 to 12 member heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to tenmembered nonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, whereinsaid heteroaryl and said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may beindependently substituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups and each R¹⁴ groupis independently defined the same as the substituents set forth abovefor the R¹ group;

[0033] J is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, a bivalent C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group, phenylene, a 5 to 12 memberbivalent heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to ten memberednonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S wherein said heteroaryland said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may be independentlysubstituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups and each R¹⁴ group isindependently defined the same as the substituents set forth above forthe R¹ group;

[0034] G is a member selected from the group consisting of: H; —CN;—OR¹⁷;

[0035] wherein

[0036] t is an integer from 0 to 6,

[0037] u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³,R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting ofH, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring system having in the ring system 5to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms being selected from the groupconsisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ taken with R¹⁹, R²² taken witheither of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵, can each independentlyform a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

[0038] with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom;

[0039] and all pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates,solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] Definitions

[0041] In accordance with the present invention and as used herein, thefollowing terms are defined with the following meanings, unlessexplicitly stated otherwise.

[0042] The term “alkenyl” refers to a trivalent straight chain orbranched chain unsaturated aliphatic radical. The term “alkinyl” (or“alkynyl”) refers to a straight or branched chain aliphatic radical thatincludes at least two carbons joined by a triple bond. If no number ofcarbons is specified alkenyl and alkinyl each refer to radicals havingfrom 2-12 carbon atoms.

[0043] The term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups includingstraight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups having the number ofcarbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having up to 12carbon atoms. The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C₁-C₈ unsubstitutedalkyl group unless a substituent(s) is specified. The term “cycloalkyl”as used herein refers to a mono, bi, or tricyclic aliphatic ring having3 to 14 carbon atoms and preferably 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

[0044] As used herein, the terms “carbocyclic ring structure” and“C₃₋₁₆carbocyclic mono, bicyclic or tricyclic ring structure” or thelike are each intended to mean stable ring structures having only carbonatoms as ring atoms wherein the ring structure is a substituted orunsubstituted member selected from the group consisting of: a stablemonocyclic ring which is aromatic ring (“aryl”) having six ring atoms; astable monocyclic nonaromatic ring having from 3 to 7 ring atoms in thering; a stable bicyclic ring structure having a total of from 7 to 12ring atoms in the two rings wherein the bicyclic ring structure isselected from the group consisting of ring structures in which both ofthe rings are aromatic, ring structures in which one of the rings isaromatic and ring structures in which both of the rings are nonaromatic;and a stable tricyclic ring structure having a total of from 10 to 16atoms in the three rings wherein the tricyclic ring structure isselected from the group consisting of: ring structures in which three ofthe rings are aromatic, ring structures in which two of the rings arearomatic and ring structures in which three of the rings arenonaromatic. In each case, the nonaromatic rings when present in themonocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring structure may independently besaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated. Examples of suchcarbocyclic ring structures include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,[3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane(decalin), [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl,adamantyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin). Moreover, the ringstructures described herein may be attached to one or more indicatedpendant groups via any carbon atom which results in a stable structure.The term “substituted” as used in conjunction with carbocyclic ringstructures means that hydrogen atoms attached to the ring carbon atomsof ring structures described herein may be substituted by one or more ofthe substituents indicated for that structure if such substitution(s)would result in a stable compound.

[0045] The term “aryl” which is included with the term “carbocyclic ringstructure” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic ring,substituted with one, two or three substituents selected fromloweralkoxy, loweralkyl, loweralkylamino, hydroxy, halogen, cyano,hydroxyl, mercapto, nitro, thioalkoxy, carboxaldehyde, carboxyl,carboalkoxy and carboxamide, including but not limited to carbocyclicaryl, heterocyclic aryl, and biaryl groups and the like, all of whichmay be optionally substituted. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl,halophenyl, loweralkylphenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthrenyl andnaphthacenyl.

[0046] The term “arylalkyl” which is included with the term “carbocyclicaryl” refers to one, two, or three aryl groups having the number ofcarbon atoms designated, appended to an alkyl group having the number ofcarbon atoms designated. Suitable arylalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to, benzyl, picolyl, naphthylmethyl, phenethyl, benzyhydryl,trityl, and the like, all of which may be optionally substituted.

[0047] As used herein, the term “heterocyclic ring” or “heterocyclicring system” is intended to mean a substituted or unsubstituted memberselected from the group consisting of stable monocyclic ring having from5-7 members in the ring itself and having from 1 to 4 hetero ring atomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; a stable bicyclic ringstructure having a total of from 7 to 12 atoms in the two rings whereinat least one of the two rings has from I to 4 hetero atoms selected fromN, O and S, including bicyclic ring structures wherein any of thedescribed stable monocyclic heterocyclic rings is fused to a hexane orbenzene ring; and a stable tricyclic heterocyclic ring structure havinga total of from 10 to 16 atoms in the three rings wherein at least oneof the three rings has from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from the groupconsisting of N, O and S. Any nitrogen and sulfur atoms present in aheterocyclic ring of such a heterocyclic ring structure may be oxidized.Unless indicated otherwise the terms “heterocyclic ring” or“heterocyclic ring system” include aromatic rings, as well asnonaromatic rings which can be saturated, partially saturated or fullysaturated nonaromatic rings. Also, unless indicated otherwise the term“heterocyclic ring system” includes ring structures wherein all of therings contain at least one hetero atom as well as structures having lessthan all of the rings in the ring structure containing at least onehetero atom, for example bicyclic ring structures wherein one ring is abenzene ring and one of the rings has one or more hetero atoms areincluded within the term “heterocyclic ring systems” as well as bicyclicring structures wherein each of the two rings has at least one heteroatom. Moreover, the ring structures described herein may be attached toone or more indicated pendant groups via any hetero atom or carbon atomwhich results in a stable structure. Further, the term “substituted”means that one or more of the hydrogen atoms on the ring carbon atom(s)or nitrogen atom(s) of the each of the rings in the ring structuresdescribed herein may be replaced by one or more of the indicatedsubstituents if such replacement(s) would result in a stable compound.Nitrogen atoms in a ring structure may be quaternized, but suchcompounds are specifically indicated or are included within the term “apharmaceutically acceptable salt” for a particular compound. When thetotal number of O and S atoms in a single heterocyclic ring is greaterthan 1, it is preferred that such atoms not be adjacent to one another.Preferably, there are no more that 1 O or S ring atoms in the same ringof a given heterocyclic ring structure.

[0048] Examples of monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclic ring systems, inalphabetical order, are acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl,benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzitriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl,carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl,2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl,furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl,indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isobenzofuranyl,isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl(benzimidazolyl), isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyroazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pryidooxazole,pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl,thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl and xanthenyl. Preferred heterocyclic ring structuresinclude, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl,pyrazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl,1H-indazolyl, oxazolinyl, or isatinoyl. Also included are fused ring andspiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocyclic ringstructures.

[0049] As used herein the term “aromatic heterocyclic ring system” hasessentially the same definition as for the monocyclic and bicyclic ringsystems except that at least one ring of the ring system is an aromaticheterocyclic ring or the bicyclic ring has an aromatic or nonaromaticheterocyclic ring fused to an aromatic carbocyclic ring structure.

[0050] The terms “halo” or “halogen” as used herein refer to Cl, Br, For I substituents. The term “haloalkyl”, and the like, refer to analiphatic carbon radicals having at least one hydrogen atom replaced bya Cl, Br, F or I atom, including mixtures of different halo atoms.Trihaloalkyl includes trifluoromethyl and the like as preferredradicals, for example.

[0051] The term “methylene” refers to —CH₂—.

[0052] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” includes salts ofcompounds derived from the combination of a compound and an organic orinorganic acid. These compounds are useful in both free base and saltform. In practice, the use of the salt form amounts to use of the baseform; both acid and base addition salts are within the scope of thepresent invention.

[0053] “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to saltsretaining the biological effectiveness and properties of the free basesand which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, formed withinorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuricacid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids suchas acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalicacid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaricacid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,salicyclic acid and the like.

[0054] “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts” include thosederived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium,ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminumsalts and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium,sodium, calcium and magnesium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceuticallyacceptable organic nontoxic bases include salts of primary, secondary,and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurringsubstituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such asisopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, trimethamine,dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine,hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine,methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperizine, piperidine,N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferredorganic nontoxic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolaminie,trimethamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine.

[0055] “Biological property” for the purposes herein means an in vivoeffector or antigenic function or activity that is directly orindirectly performed by a compound of the invention that are often shownby in vitro assays. Effector functions include receptor or ligandbinding, any enzyme activity or enzyme modulatory activity, any carrierbinding activity, any hormonal activity, any activity in promoting orinhibiting adhesion of cells to an extracellular matrix or cell surfacemolecules, or any structural role. Antigenic functions includepossession of an epitope or antigenic site that is capable of reactingwith antibodies raised against it.

[0056] In the compounds of the invention, carbon atoms bonded to fournon-identical substituents are asymmetric. Accordingly, the compoundsmay exist as diastereoisomers, enantiomers or mixtures thereof. Thesyntheses described herein may employ racemates, enantiomers ordiastereomers as starting materials or intermediates. Diastereomericproducts resulting from such syntheses may be separated bychromatographic or crystallization methods, or by other methods known inthe art. Likewise, enantiomeric product mixtures may be separated usingthe same techniques or by other methods known in the art. Each of theasymmetric carbon atoms, when present in the compounds of the invention,may be in one of two configurations (R or S) and both are within thescope of the present invention.

[0057] Compounds

[0058] The invention provides a compound of general formula I:

[0059] wherein:

[0060] A is a member selected from the group consisting of: R², —NR³R⁴,—C(═O)—NR³R⁴,

[0061] where R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r⁶ takenwith either of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to6 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S; preferably, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷,R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,—OH, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆ ₁₀aryl, a five to ten memberedheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₄alkylheterocyclic ring systemhaving in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms beingselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where R⁶ taken witheither of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to 6membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S;

[0062] m is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0063] Z is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; preferably, Z is a member selected from the group consisting of adirect link, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, or afive to ten membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

[0064] n is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0065] D is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, —CH₂—, —O—, —N(R²)—, —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R²)—,—N(R²)—SO₂—, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)—N(R²)— and —N(R²)—C(═O)—, whereR² is as described above; preferably, D is a member selected from thegroup consisting of a direct link, —CH₂—, —O—, —NR², —C(═O)—, —S—,—SO₂—, —SO₂N², —NR²—SO₂, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR², and —NR²—C(═O)—, where R²is as described above;

[0066] R¹ is a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl—OH, C₀₋₈alkyl—SH, —C(═O)NR²R³, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², anunsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstituted amino group, whereinthe substituted amino groups are independently substituted by at leastone member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R²,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and group consisting of N, O and S; andC₁₋₄alkylheterocyclic ring system having in the ring system 5 to 10atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms being selected from the group consistingof N, O and S; where R⁶ taken with either of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ takenwith R¹ , can each form a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring containingfrom 1 to 4 atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

[0067] m is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0068] Z is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂,alkynyl,C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; preferably, Z is a member selected from the group consisting of adirect link, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkenyl, C₆ ₁₀aryl, or afive to ten membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

[0069] n is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0070] D is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, —CH₂—, —O—, —N(R²)—, —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R²)—,—N(R²)—SO₂—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)—N(R²)— and —N(R²)—C(═O)—, whereR² is as described above; preferably, D is a member selected from thegroup consisting of a direct link, —CH₂—, —O—, —NR², —C(═O)—, —S—,—SO₂—, —SO₂—NR², —NR²—SO₂, —O—C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR², and —NR²—C(═O)—, whereR² is as described above;

[0071] R¹ is a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —C(═O) NR²R³, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², anunsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstituted amino group, whereinthe substituted amino groups are independently substituted by at leastone member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R²,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; preferably, R¹ is H,C₁₋₆alkyl, halogen, —C(═O)OH, an unsubstituted amino group, a mono ordisubstituted amino group, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —C(═O)NR²R³, —O—R² and—O—C(═O)R², where R² and R³ is as described above;

[0072] q is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0073] X is N or —CR¹²;

[0074] R¹¹ and R¹² are independently a member selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R²,—O—C(═O)R², —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-O—C(═O)R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl-O—C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, where R² is asdescribed above and R¹⁰ is a member selected from the group consistingof H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰groups are present they may be taken together to form a saturated orunsaturated ring with the atom to which they are both attached,preferably a partially or filly saturated ring; preferably, R¹¹ and R¹²are independently a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₁₋₄alkylaryl,C₁₋₄alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R², —O—C(═O)R², —C₁₋₆alkyl—O—R¹⁰,—C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C(═O)OR¹⁰,—C₁₋₆alkyl-C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₆alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₆alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰,—SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰ is a member selected fromthe group consisting of H, C₁₋₆alkyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰ groupsare present they may be taken together to form a saturated orunsaturated ring with the atom to which they are both attached;

[0075] p is an integer from 0-3, preferably 0-2;

[0076] E is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, —O—, —N(—R¹¹)—, where R¹¹ is as set forth above, phenylene, abivalent 5 to 12 member heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to tenmembered nonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, whereinsaid heteroaryl and said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may beindependently substituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups and each R¹⁴ groupis independently defined the same as the substituents set forth abovefor the R¹ group;

[0077] J is a member selected from the group consisting of a directlink, a bivalent C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group, phenylene, a 5 to 12 memberbivalent heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to ten memberednonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S wherein said heteroaryland said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may be independentlysubstituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups and each R¹⁴ group isindependently defined the same as the substituents set forth above forthe R¹ group;

[0078] G is a member selected from the group consisting of: H; —CN;—OR¹⁷;

[0079] wherein

[0080] t is an integer from 0 to 6,

[0081] u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³,R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting ofH, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring systemcontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring system having in the ring system 5to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms being selected from the groupconsisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ taken with R¹⁹, R²² taken witheither of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵, can each independentlyform a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S;

[0082] with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom;

[0083] and all pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates,solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.

[0084] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides acompound of formula II:

[0085] wherein A, Z, D, R¹, q, R¹¹, E, J, and G are each as set forthabove and p is an integer from 0 to 2,

[0086] and all pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates,solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.

[0087] In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides acompound of formula Ia:

[0088] wherein:

[0089] q is an integer from 0-3, preferably, 0;

[0090] p is an integer from 0-3, preferably, 0-2;

[0091] D is a member selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —O—,—N R², —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—NR², —NR²—SO₂—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O) NR²,and —NR²—C(═O)—; preferably a member selected from the group consistingof: —CH₂—, —O—, —NR², —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—; and

[0092] A, Z, R², R¹, R¹¹, E, J and G are each as defined in formula I asset forth above.

[0093] Further preferred are compounds of formula III:

[0094] In formula III, q is an integer from 1-3 and R⁸, R¹, R¹¹, p, E, Jand G are each as defined in formula II as set forth above.

[0095] Particularly preferred compounds of formula III are compoundswherein R¹ and R⁸ are each independently lower alkyl and R¹¹ is hydrogenor is a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group, particularly preferred cycloalkyl groupsare members selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. Further preferred are compounds offormula III wherein one or more of E and J is independently a phenylene,heteroaryl or a heterocyclic group as defined above with respect toformula II, especially a phenylene, heteroaryl or heterocyclic memberselected from the group consisting of phenyl, thiophene, furan,benzofuran, benzothiophene, pyridine, other heterocyclic bicyclic ringsas defined above for formula II, and the like. When only one of E or Jis a phenylene, heteroaryl or heterocyclic member, the other ispreferably a direct link. More preferred compounds are compounds offormula III wherein q is zero and R⁸ is lower alkyl group.

[0096] Even more preferred compounds of formula III are such compoundsaccording to formula IIIa wherein R¹ and R¹¹ are each independentlyhydrogen or C₁ to C₆ alkyl as set forth in Table 1, below. TABLE 1Formula IIIa

p E J G 1 direct link

1 direct link

1 direct link

1 direct link

—NH₂ 1 direct link

2 direct link

—CH₃ 1

1

2

—NH₂ 1

1

—NH₂ 1

1

1

1

[0097] Also preferred compounds are compounds according to formula IIwherein D is —O—, p and q are each an integer from 1 to 3, and E and Jcollectively form a substituted or unsubstituted biphenylene group. Morepreferred compounds having such an biphenylene group are compoundsaccording to formula IV as set forth below:

[0098] In formula (IV), A, Z, n, D, R¹, q, R¹¹, G, and R¹⁴ are each asdefined for the compound of formula II as set forth above.

[0099] Particularly preferred compounds according to formula IV arecompounds wherein each of the R¹, R⁸, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ groups isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andC₁-C₅alkyl, more preferably, hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl, most preferably,hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.

[0100] Even more preferred compounds according to formula IVa as setforth in table 2 below, wherein each of the R¹, R⁸, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ groupsare independently a member selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, methyl and ethyl and the remaining substituents are as setforth in Table 2, below. TABLE 2 Formula IVa

A Z n D

0 O

0

0 O

0 O CH₃—

2 O H—

2 O NH₂—

2 O A B n D H—

2 O CH₃—

2 O (CH₃—)₂NCO—

0

0 O

1 CH₂

[0101] Also preferred compounds are compounds according to formula IIwhere the bicyclic lactam ring structure is bound directly or indirectly(via linker group) to a saturated heterocyclic ring containing anitrogen atom. Particularly preferred are compounds of formula IIcontaining both a bicyclic lactam ring structure and a piperidine ringwhere D is —O—, p and q are each 1 to 3 and each of the remainingvariables or substituents is defined as set forth in formula II asillustrated by formula V below:

[0102] The invention also encompasses all pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, hydrates, solvates, and prodrug derivatives of the compounds ofthe invention. In addition, the compounds of the invention can exist invarious isomeric and tautomeric forms, and all such forms are meant tobe included in the invention, along with pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives of such isomers andtautomers.

[0103] The compounds of the invention may be isolated as the free acidor base or converted to salts of various inorganic and organic acids andbases. Such salts are within the scope of the invention. Nontoxic andphysiologically compatible salts are particularly useful although otherless desirable salts may have use in the processes of isolation andpurification.

[0104] A number of methods are useful for the preparation of the saltsdescribed above and are known to those skilled in the art. For example,the free acid or free base form of a compound of one of the formulasabove can be reacted with one or more molar equivalents of the desiredacid or base in a solvent or solvent mixture in which the salt isinsoluble, or in a solvent like water after which the solvent is removedby evaporation, distillation or freeze drying. Alternatively, the freeacid or base form of the product may be passed over an ion exchangeresin to form the desired salt or one salt form of the product may beconverted to another using the same general process.

[0105] Prodrug Derivatives of Compounds

[0106] The invention also encompasses prodrug derivatives of thecompounds contained herein. The term “prodrug” refers to apharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent drug molecule thatrequires biotransformation, either spontaneous or enzymatic, within theorganism to release the active drug. Prodrugs are variations orderivatives of the compounds of the invention which have groupscleavable under metabolic conditions. Prodrugs become the compounds ofthe invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo, when theyundergo solvolysis under physiological conditions or undergo enzymaticdegradation. Prodrug compounds of the invention may be called single,double, triple etc., depending on the number of biotransformation stepsrequired to release the active drug within the organism, and indicatingthe number of functionalities present in a precursor-type form. Prodrugforms often offer advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, ordelayed release in the mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, Design ofProdrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985 and Silverman, TheOrganic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, pp. 352-401, AcademicPress, San Diego, Calif., 1992). Prodrugs commonly known in the artinclude acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, suchas, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acids with asuitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acidcompound with an amine, or basic groups reacted to form an acylated basederivative. Moreover, the prodrug derivatives of the invention may becombined with other features herein taught to enhance bioavailability.

[0107] The compounds of the present invention may be use alone or incombination, or in combination with other therapeutic or diagnosticagents. In certain preferred embodiments, the compounds of the inventionmay be coadministered along with other compounds typically prescribedfor these conditions according to generally accepted medical practicesuch as anticoagulant agents, thrombolytic agents, or otherantithrombotics, including platelet aggregation inhibitors, tissueplasminogen activators, urokinase, prourokinase, streptokinase, heparin,aspirin, or warfarin. The compounds of the present invention may act ina synergistic fashion to prevent reocclusion following a successfulthrombolytic therapy and/or reduce the time to reperfusion. Thesecompounds may also allow for reduced doses of the thrombolytic agents tobe used and therefore minimize potential hemorrhagic side-effects. Thecompounds of the invention can be utilized in vivo, ordinarily inmammals such as primates, (e.g. humans), sheep, horses, cattle, pigs,dogs, cats, rats and mice, or in vitro.

[0108] The biological properties of the compounds of the presentinvention can be readily characterized by methods that are well known inthe art, for example by the in vitro protease activity assays and invivo studies to evaluate antithrombotic efficacy, and effects onhemostasis and hematological parameters, such as are illustrated in theexamples.

[0109] Diagnostic applications of the compounds of the invention willtypically utilize formulations in the form of solutions or suspensions.In the management of thrombotic disorders the compounds of the inventionmay be utilized in compositions such as tablets, capsules or elixirs fororal administration, suppositories, sterile solutions or suspensions orinjectable administration, and the like, or incorporated into shapedarticles. Subjects in need of treatment (typically mammalian) using thecompounds of the invention can be administered dosages that will provideoptimal efficacy. The dose, i.e., the therapeutically effective amount,and method of administration will vary from subject to subject and bedependent upon such factors as the type of mammal being treated, itssex, weight, diet, concurrent medication, overall clinical condition,the particular compounds employed, the specific use for which thesecompounds are employed, and other factors which those skilled in themedical arts will recognize.

[0110] Preparation of Compounds

[0111] The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized byeither solid or liquid phase methods described and referenced instandard textbooks, or by a combination of both methods. These methodsare well known in the art. See, Bodanszky, “The Principles of PeptideSynthesis”, Hafner, et al., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

[0112] Starting materials used in any of these methods are commerciallyavailable from chemical vendors such as Aldrich, Sigma, NovaBiochemicals, Bachem Biosciences, and the like, or may be readilysynthesized by known procedures.

[0113] Reactions are carried out in standard laboratory glassware andreaction vessels under reaction conditions of standard temperature andpressure, except where otherwise indicated.

[0114] During the synthesis of these compounds, the functional groups ofthe amino acid derivatives used in these methods are protected byblocking groups to prevent cross reaction during the coupling procedure.Examples of suitable blocking groups and their use are described in “ThePeptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology”, Academic Press, Vol. 3 (Gross,et al., Eds., 1981) and Vol. 9 (1987), the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

[0115] One exemplary synthesis scheme is outlined directly below, andthe specific steps are described in the Examples. The reaction productsare isolated and purified by conventional methods, typically by solventextraction into a compatible solvent. The products may be furtherpurified by column chromatography or other appropriate methods.

[0116] Composition or Formulations

[0117] Compositions or formulations of the compounds of the inventionmay be prepared for storage or administration by mixing a compound ofthe invention having a desired degree of purity with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or a physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients,stabilizers etc., and may be provided in sustained release or timedrelease formulations. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeuticuse are well known in the pharmaceutical field, and are described, forexample, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co.,(A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985). Such materials are nontoxic to therecipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and includebuffers such as phosphate, citrate, acetate and other organic acidsalts, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (lessthan about ten residues) peptides such as polyarginine, proteins, suchas serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins, hydrophilic polymers suchas polyvinylpyrrolidinone, amino acids such as glycine, glutamic acid,aspartic acid, or arginine, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and othercarbohydrates including cellulose or its derivatives, glucose, mannoseor dextrins, chelating agents such as EDTA, sugar alcohols such asmannitol or sorbitol, counterions such as sodium and/or nonionicsurfactants such as TWEEN®, PLURONICS® or polyethyleneglycol.

[0118] Dosage formulations of the compounds of the invention to be usedfor therapeutic administration must be sterile. Sterility is readilyaccomplished by filtration through sterile membranes such as 0.2 micronmembranes, or by other conventional methods. Formulations typically willbe stored in lyophilized form or as an aqueous solution. The pH of thepreparations of the invention typically will be about 3-11, morepreferably about 5-9 and most preferably about 7-8. It will beunderstood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, orstabilizers will result in the formation of cyclic polypeptide salts.While the preferred route of administration is by injection, othermethods of administration are also anticipated such as orally,intravenously (bolus and/or infusion), subcutaneously, intramuscularly,colonically, rectally, nasally, transdermally or intraperitoneally,employing a variety of dosage forms such as suppositories, implantedpellets or small cylinders, aerosols, oral dosage formulations andtopical formulations such as ointments, drops and dermal patches. Thecompounds of the invention are desirably incorporated into shapedarticles such as implants which may employ inert materials such asbiodegradable polymers or synthetic silicones, for example, Silastic,silicone rubber or other polymers commercially available.

[0119] The compounds of the invention may also be administered in theform of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles,large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can beformed from a variety of lipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine orphosphatidylcholines.

[0120] The compounds of the invention may also be delivered by the useof antibodies, antibody fragments, growth factors, hormones, or othertargeting moieties, to which the compound molecules are coupled. Thecompounds of the invention may also be coupled with suitable polymers astargetable drug carriers. Such polymers can includepolyvinylpyrrolidinone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxy-propyl-methacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethyl-aspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, compounds of theinvention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful inachieving controlled release of a drug, for example polylactic acid,polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid,polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters,polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross linked oramphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. Polymers and semipermeablepolymer matrices may be formed into shaped articles, such as valves,stents, tubing, prostheses and the like.

[0121] Therapeutic compound liquid formulations generally are placedinto a container having a sterile access port, for example, anintravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable byhypodermic injection needle.

[0122] Therapeutically effective dosages may be determined by either invitro or in vivo methods. For each particular compound of the presentinvention, individual determinations may be made to determine theoptimal dosage required. The range of therapeutically effective dosageswill be influenced by the route of administration, the therapeuticobjectives and the condition of the patient. For injection by hypodermicneedle, it may be assumed the dosage is delivered into the body'sfluids. For other routes of administration, the absorption efficiencymust be individually determined for each compound by methods well knownin pharmacology. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the therapist totiter the dosage and modify the route of administration as required toobtain the optimal therapeutic effect. The determination of effectivedosage levels, that is, the dosage levels necessary to achieve thedesired result, will be readily determined by one skilled in the art.Typically, applications of compound are commenced at lower dosagelevels, with dosage levels being increased until the desired effect isachieved.

[0123] The compounds and compositions/formulations of the invention canbe administered orally or parenterally in an effective amount within thedosage range of about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg, preferably from about0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, most preferably, from about 0.10 to about20 mg/kg. Advantageously, the compounds of the invention may beadministered several times daily, and other dosage regimens may also beuseful (e.g. single daily dose and/or continuous infusion).

[0124] Typically, about 0.5 to about 500 mg of a compound or mixture ofcompounds of the invention, as the free acid or base form or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt, is compounded with a physiologicallyacceptable vehicle, carrier, excipient, binder, preservative,stabilizer, dye, flavor etc., as called for by accepted pharmaceuticalpractice. The amount of active ingredient in these compositions is suchthat a suitable dosage in the range indicated is obtained.

[0125] Typical adjuvants which may be incorporated into tablets,capsules and the like are binders such as acacia, corn starch orgelatin, and excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose,disintegrating agents like corn starch or alginic acid, lubricants suchas magnesium stearate, sweetening agents such as sucrose or lactose, orflavoring agents. When a dosage form is a capsule, in addition to theabove materials it may also contain liquid carriers such as water,saline, or a fatty oil. Other materials of various types may be used ascoatings or as modifiers of the physical form of the dosage unit.Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated according toconventional pharmaceutical practice. For example, dissolution orsuspension of the active compound in a vehicle such as an oil or asynthetic fatty vehicle like ethyl oleate, or into a liposome may bedesired. Buffers, preservatives, antioxidants and the like can beincorporated according to accepted pharmaceutical practice.

[0126] Applications

[0127] The preferred compounds of the present invention arecharacterized by their ability to inhibit thrombus formation withacceptable effects on classical measures of coagulation parameters,platelets and platelet function, and acceptable levels of bleedingcomplications associated with their use. Conditions characterized byundesired thrombosis would include those involving the arterial andvenous vasculature.

[0128] With respect to the coronary arterial vasculature, abnormalthrombus formation characterizes the rupture of an establishedatherosclerotic plaque which is the major cause of acute myocardialinfarction and unstable angina, as well as also characterizing theocclusive coronary thrombus formation resulting from either thrombolytictherapy or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).

[0129] With respect to the venous vasculature, abnormal thrombusformation characterizes the condition observed in patients undergoingmajor surgery in the lower extremities or the abdominal area who oftensuffer from thrombus formation in the venous vasculature resulting inreduced blood flow to the affected extremity and a predisposition topulmonary embolism. Abnormal thrombus formation further characterizesdisseminated intravascular coagulopathy commonly occurs within bothvascular systems during septic shock, certain viral infections andcancer, a condition wherein there is rapid consumption of coagulationfactors and systemic coagulation which results in the formation oflife-threatening thrombi occurring throughout the microvasculatureleading to widespread organ failure.

[0130] The compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment orprophylaxis of those diseases which involve the production and/or actionof factor Xa/prothrombinase complex. The compounds of this presentinvention, selected and used as disclosed herein, find utility as adiagnostic or therapeutic agent for preventing or treating a conditionin a mammal characterized by undesired thrombosis or a disorder ofcoagulation. Disease states treatable or preventable by theadministration of compounds of the invention include, withoutlimitation, occlusive coronary thrombus formation resulting from eitherthrombolytic therapy or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,thrombus formation in the venous vasculature, disseminated intravascularcoagulopathy, the treatment of reocclusion or restenosis of reperfusedcoronary arteries, thromboembolic complications of surgery andperipheral arterial occlusion, a condition wherein there is rapidconsumption of coagulation factors and systemic coagulation whichresults in the formation of life-threatening thrombi occurringthroughout the microvasculature leading to widespread organ failure,hemorrhagic stroke, renal dialysis, blood oxygenation, and cardiaccatheterization.

[0131] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preventing ortreating a condition in a mammal characterized by undesired thrombosiswhich administers to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of the invention, as described herein. Conditions forprevention or treatment include, for example, (a) the treatment orprevention of any thrombotically mediated acute coronary syndromeincluding myocardial infarction, unstable angina, refractory angina,occlusive coronary thrombus occurring post-thrombolytic therapy orpost-coronary angioplasty, (b) the treatment or prevention of anythrombotically mediated cerebrovascular syndrome including embolicstroke, thrombotic stroke or transient ischemic attacks, (c) thetreatment or prevention of any thrombotic syndrome occurring in thevenous system including deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolusoccurring either spontaneously or in the setting of malignancy, surgeryor trauma, (d) the treatment or prevention of any coagulopathy includingdisseminated intravascular coagulation (including the setting of septicshock or other infection, surgery, pregnancy, trauma or malignancy andwhether associated with multiorgan failure or not), thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura, thromboangiitis obliterans, or thromboticdisease associated with heparin induced thrombocytopenia, (e) thetreatment or prevention of thrombotic complications associated withextracorporeal circulation (e.g. renal dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypassor other oxygenation procedure, plasmapheresis), (f) the treatment orprevention of thrombotic complications associated with instrumentation(e.g. cardiac or other intravascular catheterization, intra-aorticballoon pump, coronary stent or cardiac valve), and (g) those involvedwith the fitting of prosthetic devices.

[0132] Anticoagulant therapy is also useful to prevent coagulation ofstored whole blood and to prevent coagulation in other biologicalsamples for testing or storage. Thus the compounds of the invention canbe added to or contacted with any medium containing or suspected tocontain factor Xa and in which it is desired that blood coagulation beinhibited, e.g., when contacting the mammal's blood with material suchas vascular grafts, stents, orthopedic prostheses, cardiac stents,valves and prostheses, extra corporeal circulation systems and the like.Thus, the compounds of the invention also find utility in a method forinhibiting the coagulation of biological samples by administration of acompound of the invention.

[0133] Without further description, it is believed that one of ordinaryskill in the art can, using the preceding description and the followingillustrative examples, make and utilize the compounds of the presentinvention and practice the claimed methods. The following workingexamples therefore, specifically point out preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, and are not to be construed as limiting in any waythe remainder of the disclosure.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EXAMPLES

[0134] Evaluation of the compounds of the invention is guided by invitro protease activity assays (see below) and in vivo studies toevaluate antithrombotic efficacy, and effects on hemostasis andhematological parameters (see below).

[0135] The compounds of the present invention are dissolved in buffer togive solutions containing concentrations such that assay concentrationsrange from about 0 to about 100 μM. In the assays for thrombin,prothrombinase and factor Xa, a synthetic chromogenic substrate is addedto a solution containing test compound and the enzyme of interest andthe residual catalytic activity of that enzyme is determinedspectrophotometrically. The IC₅₀ of a compound is determined from thesubstrate turnover. The IC₅₀ is the concentration of test compoundgiving about 50% inhibition of the substrate turnover. The compounds ofthe present invention desirably have an IC₅₀ of less than about 500 nMin the factor Xa assay, preferably less than about 200 nM, and morepreferred compounds have an IC₅₀ of about about 100 nM or less in thefactor Xa assay. The compounds of the present invention desirably havean IC₅₀ of less than about 4.0 μM in the prothrombinase assay,preferably less than about 200 nM, and more preferred compounds have anIC₅₀ of about 10 nM or less in the prothrombinase assay. The compoundsof the present invention desirably have an IC₅₀ of greater than about1.0 μM in the thrombin assay, preferably greater than about 10.0 μM, andmore preferred compounds have an IC₅₀ of greater than about 100.0 μM inthe thrombin assay.

[0136] Amidolytic Assays for Determining Protease Inhibition Activity

[0137] The factor Xa and thrombin assays are performed at roomtemperature, in 0.02 M Tris·HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing 0.15 M NaCl.The rates of hydrolysis of the para-nitroanilide substrate S-2765(Chromogenix) for factor Xa, and the substrate Chromozym TH (BoehringerMannheim) for thrombin following preincubation of the enzyme withinhibitor for 5 minutes at room temperature, and are determined usingthe Softmax 96-well plate reader (Molecular Devices), monitored at 405nm to measure the time dependent appearance of p-nitroaniline.

[0138] The prothrombinase inhibition assay is performed in a plasma freesystem with modifications to the method described by Sinha, U. et al.,Thromb. Res., 75, 427-436 (1994). Specifically, the activity of theprothrombinase complex is determined by measuring the time course ofthrombin generation using the p-nitroanilide substrate Chromozym TH. Theassay consists of preincubation ( 5 minutes) of selected compounds to betested as inhibitors with the complex formed from factor Xa (0.5 nM),factor Va (2 nM), phosphatidyl serine:phosphatidyl choline (25:75, 20μM) in 20 mM Tris·HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing 0.15 M NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Aliquots from the complex-inhibitormixture are added to prothrombin (1 nM) and Chromozym TH (0.1 mM). Therate of substrate cleavage is monitored at 405 nm for two minutes. Eightdifferent concentrations of inhibitor are assayed in duplicate. Astandard curve of thrombin generation by an equivalent amount ofuntreated complex is used for determination of percent inhibition.

[0139] Antithrombotic Efficacy in a Rabbit Model of Venous Thrombosis

[0140] A rabbit deep vein thrombosis model as described by Hollenbach,S. et al., Thromb. Haemost. 71, 357-362 (1994), is used to determine thein-vivo antithrombotic activity of the test compounds. Rabbits areanesthetized with I.M. injections of Ketamine, Xylazine, andAcepromazine cocktail. A standardized protocol consists of insertion ofa thrombogenic cotton thread and copper wire apparatus into theabdominal vena cava of the anesthetized rabbit. A non-occlusive thrombusis allowed to develop in the central venous circulation and inhibitionof thrombus growth is used as a measure of the antithroimbotic activityof the studied compounds. Test agents or control saline are administeredthrough a marginal ear vein catheter. A femoral vein catheter is usedfor blood sampling prior to and during steady state infusion of testcompound. Initiation of thrombus formation begins immediately afteradvancement of the cotton thread apparatus into the central venouscirculation. Test compounds are administered from time=30 min totime=150 min at which the experiment is terminated. The rabbits areeuthanized and the thrombus excised by surgical dissection andcharacterized by weight and histology. Blood samples are analyzed forchanges in hematological and coagulation parameters.

[0141] Effects of Compounds in a Rabbit Venous Thrombosis Model

[0142] Administration of compounds in the rabbit venous thrombosis modeldemonstrates antithrombotic efficacy at the higher doses evaluated.There are no significant effects of the compounds on the aPTT and PTprolongation with the highest dose (100 μg/kg+2.57 μg/kg/min). Compoundshave no significant effects on hematological parameters as compared tosaline controls. All measurements are an average of all samples aftersteady state administration of vehicle or (D)-Arg-Gly-Arg-thiazole.Values are expressed as mean±SD.

[0143] The following examples are non-limiting embodiments of thepresent invention, which were made utilizing a method as generally shownin reaction Scheme 1, above, or by a similar procedure.

EXAMPLES Examples 1-19 are compounds according to the following formula:

[0144]

Example A-Z E-J-G 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

[0145] Below is biological data reported as lC₅₀ values, as describedherein, for each of the compound Examples 1-19, shown above. Example XAIIA IIASE TRYPSIN TPA APC PLASMIN KALLIKREIN  1 0.151 122 9.11 0.077214.4 16.5 1.35 0.219  2 0.00562 50.2 0.0829 0.022 3.78 5.67 1.639 0.102 2 0.0115 28 0.179 0.00449 3.72 4.06 1.107 0.048  4 0.0118 4.56 0.1570.0477 1.65 7.18 1.72 0.144  5 1.57 6.59 46.3 0.263  6 4.94 58.8 38.23.63  7 0.0823 45 0.362 4.29 69.7 56.9 10.1 1.95  8 500.99 1.7 1.92 56.6 9 2.55 0.885 0.697 0.847 10 137 0.995 1.2 52.5 11 41.9 2.48 2.18 0.28912 70 9.13 15.5 4.41 13 50 3 8.63 1.91 14 0.00474 0.0693 0.0143 0.01040.34 0.13 0.316 0.064 15 18.8 30.4 33.5 3.37 16 0.209 399 2.58 0.315 170.514 11 1.21 0.832 18 0.58 75 3.25 0.656 19 0.015 68.9 2.3 0.582

[0146] Without further description, it is believed that one of ordinaryskill in the art can, using the preceding description and theillustrative examples, make and utilize the compounds of the presentinvention and practice the claimed methods. It should be understood thatthe foregoing discussion and examples merely present a detaileddescription of certain preferred embodiments. It will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications andequivalents can be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention. All the patents, journal articles and other documentsdiscussed or cited above are herein incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of having the following formula:

wherein: A is a member selected from the group consisting of R², —NR³R⁴,—C(═O)NR³R⁴,

where R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to ten memberedheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring systemhaving in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms beingselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where R⁶ taken witheither of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to 6membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S; m is an integer from 0-3; Z is amember selected from the group consisting of a direct link, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or afive to ten membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; n is an integer from0-3; D is a member selected from the group consisting of a direct link,—CH₂—, —O—, —N(R²), —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R²)—, —N(R²)—SO₂—,—OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)—N(²)— and —N(R²)—C(═O)—, where R² is asdescribed above; R¹ is a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl—OH, C₀₋₈alkyl—SH, —C(═O)—NR²R³, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², anunsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstituted amino group, whereinthe substituted amino groups are independently substituted by at leastone member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R²,C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, where R² and R³ is asdescribed above; q is an integer from 0-3; X is N or —CR¹²; R¹¹ and R¹²are independently a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclicaryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl—C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R², —O—C(═O)R²,—C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)—NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰is a member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰ groups are presentthey may be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring withthe atom to which they are both attached, preferably a partially orfully saturated ring; p is an integer from 0-3; E is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of a direct link, —O—, —N(R¹¹), where R¹¹ isas set forth above, phenylene, a bivalent 5 to 12 member heteroarylgroup containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consistingof N, O and S, and a five to ten membered nonaromatic bivalentheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S, wherein said heteroaryl and saidnonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may be independently substitutedby from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; J is a member selected from the groupconsisting of a direct link, a bivalent C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group, phenylene,a 5 to 12 member bivalent heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to tenmembered nonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S whereinsaid heteroaryl and said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may beindependently substituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; each R¹⁴ group is amember selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen, polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂, C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —O—R²and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstitutedamino group, wherein the substituted amino groups are independentlysubstituted by at least one member selected from the group consisting ofH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; G is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of: H; —CN; —OR¹⁷ ¹⁷;

wherein t is an integer from 0 to 6, u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ takenwith R¹⁹, R²² taken with either of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵,can each independently form a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ringcontaining from 1 to 4 atoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom; and all pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.
 2. Acompound of formula II:

A is a member selected from the group consisting of: R², —NR³R⁴, —C(═O)NR³R⁴,

where R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to ten memberedheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring systemhaving in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms beingselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where R⁶ taken witheither of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to 6membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S; Z is a member selected from thegroup consisting of a direct link, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃ cycloalkyl, C₂ alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or a five to ten memberedheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S; D is a member selected from the groupconsisting of a direct link, —CH₂—, —O—, —N(R²), —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—,—SO₂—N(R²)—, —N(R²)—SO₂—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)—N(²)— and—N(R²)—C(═O)—, where R² is as described above; R¹ is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen, polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH,C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂, C₀₋₈alkyl—OH, C₀₋₈alkyl—SH,—C(═O)—NR²R³, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted amino group, a monoor disubstituted amino group, wherein the substituted amino groups areindependently substituted by at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R², C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl—C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl,where R² and R³ is as described above; q is an integer from 0-3; R¹¹ isindependently a member selected from the group consisting of HC₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclicaryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl—C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R², —O—C(═O)R²,—C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)—NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰is a member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰ groups are presentthey may be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring withthe atom to which they are both attached, preferably a partially orfully saturated ring; p is an integer from 0-2; E is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of a direct link, —O—, —N(R¹¹), where R¹¹ isas set forth above, phenylene, a bivalent 5 to 12 member heteroarylgroup containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consistingof N, O and S, and a five to ten membered nonaromatic bivalentheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S, wherein said heteroaryl and saidnonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may be independently substitutedby from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; J is a member selected from the groupconsisting of a direct link, a bivalent C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group, phenylene,a 5 to 12 member bivalent heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and a five to tenmembered nonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S whereinsaid heteroaryl and said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may beindependently substituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; each R¹⁴ group is amember selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen, polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂, C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —O—R²and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstitutedamino group, wherein the substituted amino groups are independentlysubstituted by at least one member selected from the group consisting ofH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; G is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of: H; —CN; —OR¹⁷ ¹⁷;

wherein t is an integer from 0 to 6, u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ takenwith R¹⁹, R²² taken with either of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵,can each independently form a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ringcontaining from 1 to 4 atoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom; and all pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.
 3. Acompound of claim 2, wherein D is a member selected from the groupconsisting of: —O—, —N R², —C(═O)—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—NR², —NR²—SO₂,—OC(═O)—, —C(═O)NR², and —NR²—C(═O)—.
 4. A compound of claim 3, whereinD is a member selected from the group consisting of: —O—, —NR², —C(═O)—,—S—, and —SO₂.
 5. A compound of formula III:

wherein: R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a fiveto ten membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; andC₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring system having in the ring system 5 to 10atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms being selected from the group consistingof N, O and S; R¹ is a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —C(═O) NR²R³, —O—R² and O—C(═O)R², anunsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstituted amino group, whereinthe substituted amino groups are independently substituted by at leastone member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, —SO₂R²,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, where R² and R³ is asdescribed above; R² is selected from the group consisting of H, —OH,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclicaryl, a five to ten membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; andC₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring system having in the ring system 5 to 10atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms being selected from the group consistingof N, O and S; q is 0-3; R¹¹ is a member selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R²,—O—C(═O)R², C₁₋₈alkyl-OR¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl-O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl-O—C(═O)OR¹ O, C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O) NR¹ —OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═)¹⁰, —SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰ isa member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, and wherein when two R¹⁰ groups are presentthey may be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring withthe atom to which they are both attached; p is an integer from 0-2; E isa member selected from the group consisting of a direct link, —O—,—N(R¹¹), where R¹¹ is as set forth above, phenylene, a bivalent 5 to 12member heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S, and a five to ten membered nonaromaticbivalent heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S, wherein said heteroaryl andsaid nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may be independentlysubstituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; J is a member selected from thegroup consisting of a direct link, a bivalent C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group,phenylene, a 5 to 12 member bivalent heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and a fiveto ten membered nonaromatic bivalent heterocyclic ring system containing1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S whereinsaid heteroaryl and said nonaromatic heterocyclic ring structure may beindependently substituted by from 0 to 5 R¹⁴ groups; each R¹⁴ group is amember selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen, polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂, C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —O—R²and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted amino group, a mono or disubstitutedamino group, wherein the substituted amino groups are independentlysubstituted by at least one member selected from the group consisting ofH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; G is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of: H; —CN; —OR¹⁷;

wherein t is an integer from 0 to 6, u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ takenwith R¹⁹, R²² taken with either of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵,can each independently form a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ringcontaining from 1 to 4 atoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom; and all pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof.
 6. Acompound of claim 5, wherein R¹ and R⁸ are independently a lower alkylgroup and R¹¹ is hydrogen or is a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group.
 7. A compound ofclaim 5, wherein q is zero and R⁸ is lower alkyl group.
 8. A compound ofclaim 5, wherein: R⁸ is a methyl group; p is an integer from 1-2; E isselected from the group consisting of: a direct link,

J is selected from the group consisting of:

and G is selected from the group consisting of:


9. A compound of formula IV:

wherein: A is a member selected from the group consisting of: R²,—NR³R⁴, —C(═O) NR³R⁴,

where R², R³, R⁴, R¹, R^(6,) R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r⁶ takenwith either of R⁷ and R⁸, and/or R⁷ taken with R⁸, can each form a 5 to6 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of N, O and S; Z is a member selected from thegroup consisting of a direct link, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₁₋₈carbocyclic aryl, or a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; n is 0-3; D is a memberselected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —O—, N R², C(═O)—, —S—,—SO₂—, —SO₂—NR², —NR²—SO₂, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O) NR², and —NR²—C(═O); R¹ andR¹⁴ are independently a member selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂,C₀₋₈alkyl-OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted aminogroup, a mono or disubstituted amino group, wherein the substitutedamino groups are independently substituted by at least one memberselected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH andC₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; q is 0-3; R¹¹ is a member selected from thegroup consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl,C₁₋₆alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R², —O—C(═O)R², C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)OR¹⁰,C₁₋₈alkyl-C(═O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰,—SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰ is a member selected fromthe group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, andwherein when two R¹⁰ groups are present they may be taken together toform a saturated or unsaturated ring with the atom to which they areboth attached; G is a member selected from the group consisting of: H;—CN; —OR¹⁷;

wherein t is an integer from 0 to 6, u is the integer 0 or 1, and R¹⁷,R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to tenmembered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ringsystem having in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atomsbeing selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; where r¹⁸ takenwith R¹⁹, R²² taken with either of R²⁴ and R²⁵, and R²⁴ taken with R²⁵,can each independently form a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ringcontaining from 1 to 4 atoms selected from the group consisting of N, Oand S; with the proviso that when G is H, —CN, —OR¹⁷, either E or J mustcontain at least one N atom; and all pharmaceutically acceptableisomers, salts, hydrates, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof. 10.A compound of claim 9, wherein R¹, R⁸, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl; A isselected from the group consisting of: H, —CH₃, —NH₂, —C(O)N(CH₃)₂,

Z is selected from the group consisting of:

n is an integer from 0-2; and D is selected from the group consistingof: —O—, —N(CH₃)—, and —CH₂—.
 11. A compound of formula V:

wherein: R², R⁶, and R⁹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, —OH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, a five to ten memberedheterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S; and C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclic ring systemhaving in the ring system 5 to 10 atoms with 1 to 4 of such atoms beingselected from the group consisting of N, O and S; R¹¹ is independently amember selected from the group consisting of H C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl,C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₂carbocyclic aryl, C₁₋₆alkylaryl,C₁₋₆alkyl—C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —O—R², —O—C(═O)R², —C₁₋₈alkyl—O—R¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl—O—C(═O)OR¹⁰,—C₁₋₈alkyl—C(═O)—NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰R¹⁰, —C₁₋₈alkyl—NR¹⁰C(═O)R¹⁰,—SR¹⁰, where R² is as described above and R¹⁰ is a member selected fromthe group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, andwherein when two R¹⁰ groups are present they may be taken together toform a saturated or unsaturated ring with the atom to which they areboth attached, preferably a partially or fully saturated ring; each R¹⁴group is a member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl,C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, halogen, polyhaloalkyl,C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl, —CN, —NO₂, C₀₋₈alkyl-OH,C₀₋₈alkyl-SH, —O—R² and —O—C(═O)R², an unsubstituted amino group, a monoor disubstituted amino group, wherein the substituted amino groups areindependently substituted by at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,polyhaloalkyl, C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)OH and C₀₋₈alkyl-C(═O)O—C₁₋₈alkyl; and allpharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates, solvates andprodrug derivatives thereof.
 12. A compound having the followingstructure:

wherein: A—Z is a member selected from the group consisting of:

E—J—G is a member selected from the group consisting of:

and all pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, hydrates, solvatesand prodrug derivatives thereof.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating a condition in a mammal characterized byundesired thrombosis comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrierand a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as in one of claims1-12.
 14. A method for preventing or treating a condition in a mammalcharacterized by undesired thrombosis comprising administering to saidmammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as in one ofclaims 1-12.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the condition isselected from the group consisting of: acute coronary syndrome,myocardial infarction, unstable angina, refractory angina, occlusivecoronary thrombus occurring post-thrombolytic therapy or post-coronarycoronary angioplasty, a thrombotically mediated cerebrovascularsyndrome, embolic stroke, thrombotic stroke, transient ischemic attacks,venous thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus,coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura, thromboangiitis obliterans, thrombotic diseaseassociated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thromboticcomplications associated with extracorporeal circulation, thromboticcomplications associated with instrumentation such as cardiac or otherintravascular catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pump, coronary stentor cardiac valve, and conditions requiring the fitting of prostheticdevices.
 16. A method for inhibiting the coagulation of biologicalsamples comprising the administration of a compound as in one of claims1-12.